Capsicum pubescens, commonly known as Rocoto or Manzano pepper, is a perennial shrub native to the Andean mountain regions of Bolivia, Peru, and Ecuador. It is unique among chili peppers for its adaptation to cooler temperatures and higher elevations, often found in cloud forests and inter-Andean valleys. The plant can reach up to 4 meters in height and exhibits a climbing habit when supported. Capsicum pubescens is characterized by its hairy leaves and distinctive black seeds. It produces fruits in a variety of colors including yellow, orange, red, green, or brown, which are notably thick-walled and apple-shaped. The flowers are an attractive blue-violet with contrasting purple and white anthers, blooming intermittently throughout the year in its native climate.

In cultivation, Rocoto peppers are valued for their spicy fruit, which is used fresh, dried, or processed into paste, and is a staple in South American cuisine. The plant is also grown ornamentally for its striking flowers and colorful fruits. It requires well-drained soil, consistent moisture, and can tolerate part shade, although it prefers full sun. While it is less heat-tolerant than other chili species, it can be grown in cooler climates if protected from frost. Rocoto peppers are susceptible to common pepper diseases such as bacterial spot and fungal wilts. They are not typically invasive when grown outside their native range due to their specific climate requirements.CC BY-SA 4.0